Magnesium oxide Essay Example

Magnesium oxide Paper I cant have only 1 point connecting to zero to make a line of best fit because it would not be a very reliable line. Analysis The type of graph I have is as straight line in a positive correlation. The results are directly proportional which means as the mass of magnesium goes up, the mass of magnesium oxide goes up. The ratio is a constant ratio would always stay the same as long as the magnesium ribbon gets a constant supply of the same amount of oxygen every time throughout the whole experiment. This is because there are more magnesium atoms for oxygen to join with. The formula for working out the slope is: My equation was: This shows that the magnesium oxide which I have produces is Mg3O2 because 1. 44 (gradient of Mg3O2) is the closest match to my gradient, 1. 5. You cant use anything like half an atom so magnesium would lose 2 electrons and give them to oxygen and because they would become ions the structure of the molecule would be an ionic bond in a giant lattice. I used the points 0. 00 because it would be the easiest to deal with. We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium oxide specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium oxide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Magnesium oxide specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The gradient links directly to the increase in product because it shows a positive correlation continuously. Evaluation The things that prevented or could have prevented our results from being reliable and accurate are these: * Lifting the Lid from the crucible How this affected our results is that while lifting the lid some smoke would be released into the air and that smoke is magnesium oxide and because there is magnesium oxide being released into the air that means there would be a reduction in mass which also means that we would get the wrong result for a particular length. Why we had to lift the lid was so that we could check if the reaction stopped and to let oxygen in so that the reaction could continue well. How I could make sure that this does not happen is by tilting the lid enough so that I can see if the reaction has finished and I would only tilt it for a second so that very, very little smoke get released. * Layer of Magnesium Oxide on the crucible The effect if this is that it would increase the mass of magnesium oxide we record because there is extra magnesium oxide that was not cleaned off. This would cause our results to be unreliable because it would almost be like we have made a product without anything is apparently (according to scientists) impossible. How I could prevent this from happening is by making sure that I clean the crucible so that any if any magnesium oxide was left in the crucible it would be removed. Or we could just use a new crucible. * Other formulas for magnesium oxide There uncountable numbers of possible formulas, so out of all the possible formulas there are there is a low chance that the formula that my data shows it could be may not be it, so this makes my conclusion unreliable. How we could improve our accuracy for this is by taking more records of other formulas and their gradients. * Unstable balance This would have an impact on my results accuracy and reliability because the balance kept on changing due to vibration from tables being hit and by wobbling the table which cause the balance to be unstable for quite some time. Why this is affecting our results is because we cannot be sure if the readings we have recorded are reliable because we recorded them while the balance was unstable. A way in which we could avoid this from having an effect on our results could be by isolating the room during the time we take in the results so that there would be minimal vibrations travelling through the table and floor. * Distance between the crucible and the flame from the Bunsen burner How this can alter my results accuracy is by creating less magnesium oxide because if the distance between the two are to long then there would be less heat reaching the crucible but this would only impact our results if the distance between the two was different each time because for each tests the impact of the affect would be the same. Cutting magnesium ribbons in right lengths inaccurately This would affect my reliability by giving me incorrect readings for each mass because when recording the mass I would be recording a result which would be completely of scale if the lengths were cut very accurately. How I could prevent this from happening is by using a ruler, stretching out the ribbon and cutting the ribbon with appropriate and accurate equipment e. g. scissors. E=MC2 This comes into effect in my experiment because before measuring the crucible we needed to wait for the crucible to cool down otherwise the heat would cause an increase in mass. So we would wait for the crucible to cool down before weighing it as energy is mass and mass is energy regardless of form of energy according to the theory behind E=MC2. If I dont wait for the crucible to cool down then my result would appear that the magnesium oxide as been formed from a higher mass of magnesium. Not just oxygen reacting with oxygen In the atmosphere there is not only oxygen, oxygen is only 21% of the atmosphere, 78% is nitrogen so what would also be made is magnesium nitrate. This would mean that some of my results could be unreliable because I dont know exactly how much nitrogen oxide has really been made in there is also nitrogen attached to magnesium. What I would do is remove the nitrogen by adding water. This would then create magnesium hydroxide and what I would do to change it to magnesium oxide is by heating it. I would not say that my results are very reliable because of the formula that I have create was Mg3O2 but logically it should be MgO because the correct ratio would 24:16 in mass terms and in the terms of the number of atoms from each element joining up against each other should be 1:1 and this is only because magnesium would lose 2 electrons to get a full shell and the oxygen would gain 2 electrons to get a full shell to make an ionic bond in a giant lattice. Another reason why I would say that my results are quite unreliable is because there were a lot of problems which caused the test to be quite unfair which was the lack of oxygen so what we did was we lifted the lid several times to get some oxygen in, but by doing that it lets some magnesium oxide out which would cause an accidental decrease in mass. But when looking at my graph and ignoring the gradient being 1.5 all my points on the graph are either or very close to the line of best fit and the average points dont scatter and the error bars are mainly small which indicates that my results are accurate, theyre just not very reliable because I did not get the formula MgO. I am confident that my results are accurate but Im not confident enough to believe that my results are reliable because when looking at the logical ratio it should be 24:16 but mine is 72:32 in atomic mass terms. Which does not really make much sense because naturally an atom would want a full shell but in this case only 4 out 5 atoms in the molecule are getting full shells, so I would believe that my results are very unreliable and when looking at what possible formulas there are, there really are loads which means that the formula which I have is very unlikely to be true, in fact many different formulas could have been made during just one test for one length. The method which I have used was quite accurate because of the equipment which we have used. One very accurate equipment which I used was the digital balance (0. 01g) and that was very accurate because it was able to measure the small changes in mass. The Bunsen burner was also good to use because it gave a constant supply of heat at roughly the same temperature throughout the experiment. The pipe-clay triangle made your results accurate because it made sure that the crucible was placed securely on the tripod and it also made sure no heat was blocked for the crucible. A method such as waiting for there to be no change in mass was an accurate method because it was easy to see if there was no change in mass. Overall, my whole experiment is not very reliable my results are very accurate, according to my graph. Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Howard

Meaning and Origin of the Surname Howard The surname Howard possibly comes from the Norman name Huard or Heward which derives from German elements like hug heart, mind, spirit and hard hardy, brave, and strong. While the origins of the surname are unclear, it is theorized that it holds an English background from the Anglo- Scandinavian name Haward with derives from Ol Norse elements like h ‘high’ varà °r meaning guardian and warden. Huard or Heward is also thought to be one of the origins of the Norman-French personal name of the Norman Conquest of England in the 11th century. Additionally, there is a background of the surname Howard in relation to Irish with Gaelic notations. Howard is the  70th most popular surname  in the United States. One popular alternate surname spelling is Hayward. Discover genealogy resources, famous notable people, and three other possible surname origins aside from  English  below. Surname Origins Several possible origins for the Howard surname include the following: Derived from the Old Germanic name hugihard, denoting one strong of heart, or very brave.Derived from Germanic term howart, meaning high chief, warden, or chief warden.From hof-ward, the keeper of a hall Notable Persons Ron Howard:  American actor, producer, and director who got his start on The Andy Griffith Show and Happy Days.Dwight Howard:  American NBA basketball player playing center for the Houston Rockets.Bryce Dallas Howard:  Daughter of the film director Ron Howard and actress known for her role on the show Parenthood, directed by her father. Genealogy Resources 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census?Howard Family Genealogy Forum  Search this popular genealogy forum for the Howard surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Howard queryFamilySearch - Howard GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Howard surname and its variations.Howard Surname Family Mailing Lists  RootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Howard surname.Cousin Connect - Howard Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Howard, and sign up for free notification when new Howard queries are added.DistantCousin.com - Howard Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Howard. To look for the meaning of a given name, use the resource First Name Meanings. If you are unable to find your last name listed, you can suggest  a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings and Origins. References: Surname Meanings and Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German-Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick, and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Education In Canada New Opportunities For Students

Education In Canada New Opportunities For Students Education opportunities in Canada Not every country can be proud of its education system. Obviously, there are countries-leaders that can provide the excellent educational opportunities for students from around the world. Also, there are countries schooling system of which leaves much to be desired. Such countries as the United States of America, Great Britain, South Korea, Finland, Norway and Japan are in the top of the world’s educational systems ranking. However, there is one more country that can be definitely added to the list of the countries where you could go to in order to get a great education. It is Canada. Let’s have a look at what this country can offer in terms of education nowadays. Canadian education in PISA ranking In 1997 the Program for International Student Assessment was formed. Its abbreviation is PISA and it is a worldwide study aimed to compare education attainment around the world. The tests are held once in 3 years and are run by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). According to one of the recent international PISA tests and evaluations, Canada appeared in the top 10 in such subjects as mathematics, reading and science. Canada’s teenagers appeared to be among the best-educated students in the world, and, in particular, they ended up far ahead of their geographical neighbors (the USA) as well as some leading European countries. Also, according to the results of PISA tests, Canada has the world’s highest number of adults who work and who have a higher education (compared to other countries which took part in OECD testing). Equal rights policy Many students in Canada are originally born in families where both parents are from other countries. Nevertheless, due to the number of factors, children of newly-arrived families have no difficulty with integrating into the society. As a result, their academic achievements are impressive. Mainly, this happens because equity is what Canadians make an emphasis on. There is a strong dedication to fairness and equal treatment of any student, regardless of the child’s capabilities, color of skin or origin. In addition to this, one of the key factors is that teachers are well paid (as per international standards) and to become a teacher one needs to be a great professional. High academic performance of students is a natural result of this. Canada is welcoming international students The Canadian education policy was always aimed at providing equal chances to everyone. A great effort to offer a quality education by a well-trained staff was always a priority. Compared to many other countries, Canada was always very welcoming towards international students. Now, due to the recent events in the United States (policy of President Trump caused a decrease in the number of international students), the number of applications from overseas students reached record levels and, more than ever, Canada becomes a popular choice as a place to study. Canada has been always famous for its good quality of living and comparatively affordable education fees, so if you consider studying abroad, such country as Canada becomes a really viable choice.

Week Six Discussion questions and Participation questions Essay

Week Six Discussion questions and Participation questions - Essay Example I learned a lot of valuable lessons during this business course. Training and development can be used as a strategic tool to improve the value of the human capital of a firm. I learned that employees are motivated by financial and non-financial rewards. An example of a non-financial reward is receiving a â€Å"congratulations† from the boss on a job well done. A third concept I learned in class is there many employment laws that protect the rights of workers. There are laws that protect employees against racial discrimination and sexual harassment. A fourth concept I learned in classroom is job analysis. Job analysis can be defined as set of procedures used to collect and classify information about tasks the organization needs to complete (Schermerhorn & Hunt & Osborn, 2003). A training and development program that the company offers to some of its employees is the management training program. The management and training program is available to talented employees that have shown leadership abilities and who have at least a bachelor degree. The program does not necessarily imply the person is to be promoted to a managerial position. There is financial incentive that pays the employees a cash reward after completion of the program. Compensation systems are important because they represent a mechanism that is in place to reward the employees for their efforts. An effective compensation plan will have many elements. The hourly pay is just one of these elements. There are many fringe benefits that can be offered to motivate employees. Some of the different elements of a complete compensation plan include maternity leave, paternity leave, extended vacations, sick days, medical plan, car allowance, flexible time, gymnasium privileges, college tuition assistance, and child day care allowance. Another ways to improve a compensation plan is by offering profit sharing, year-end bonuses,

Ethics and Morality in the Health Professions Essay

Ethics and Morality in the Health Professions - Essay Example If at all God created every creature, then why should one think of taking his or her life away. It would be quite unethical in my career to leave such an individual to die when I knew in real sense that he or she was going to die. The only way that one could tell if someone else has feelings for suicide, could be through a conversation where he or she will confess such feelings. It was the right step undertaken by a patient who required suicidal assistance to approach you Dr. Deborah. It is quite true that a suicidal person who locks him or herself away tends to feel isolation and for that matter, they may end up attempting suicide without the knowledge of his or her friends and relatives. If at all Dr. Brody you would put yourself in the patient’s shoe, then you would not imagine that someone wishes you to take your life away. In most countries in the west, suicide has significantly shown that it is the foremost cause of death (Gutheil 29). These countries spend anonymous amo unt of money in maintenance of safety on roads but unaware on suicide and its prevention. It is the best option for a country to engage into campaigns on choices to make good life. A person who wants to attempt suicide or has feelings or thoughts of suicide, it is then quite evident that such individuals have symptoms to indicate that they can no more cope up with life. It is repeatedly as a result of series of events or cases that make somebody overwhelmed in distress or trauma. There is no doubt that this patient wanted you to be available in order to listen to him or her and feel about what he or she could be experiencing in life. A problem talked about in my view, sometimes creates a road map towards fundamental solutions. All doctors and even nurses for that matter have no substantial grounds to ignore their patients who request for assistance in suicide. It could be quite unethical if we rather allowed and assist patients to die. When anyone demands for help to die, such a req uest should enhance discussions to ascertain the reasoning of the patient through needs assessment with no grounds of judgment. Therefore Dr. Deborah, it would be my advice that you should not hesitate to assist. Acknowledge this request and oppose the inclination to abandon or ignore the dialogue. Listen to the patient and even more and establish a contract of no-suicide. Ask the patient to make a promise that he or she will eradicate such feelings of suicide. Such issues should be taken seriously to extend that if the patient appears acutely suicidal; endorse him or her under care in the hospital department of emergency. It would be also important to seek opinions from psychologists, counselors and psychiatrists. It is a question that most doctors should continuously ask themselves why people attempt suicide. People who want to avoid emotional pain that is unbearable normally result into suicide (Gutheil 40-42). It is therefore a task ahead of you Dr. Debora Brody to help your pat ient look for better choices that will enable him or her to think critically and analyze every situation in life. Why I would give such an advice to Dr. Brody is a decision that I fundamentally consider. I believe that life is such a precious thing that one should be neither denied nor think of taking it away. Suicide can not be the last option because death does not solve our worst experiences. One would think that it would be the end of our pains. I would not deny that painful life ends at the grave but

Freudian Reading on Othello Essay Example for Free

Freudian Reading on Othello Essay Freudian Reading on â€Å"Othello† Is it possible for other people to act as our superegos? What are the effects of never resolving your oedipal complex? And when a situation becomes to over whelming, do we project our thought and feelings on to our peers? I am using â€Å"Through the Literary Looking Glass: Critical Theory in Practice† by Sian Evans and â€Å"Othello† by William Shakespeare to analyse the characters Othello and Iago as well as the major theme jealousy through a Freudian lens. The aim of this psychoanalysis is to try and give a better understanding of the character’s motivations and unconscious, narcissistic desires. The theme jealousy is revealed by both these characters throughout the play shows us how we need to be well rounded people, and the effects this has if we are not. The opening act of â€Å"Othello† begins with the marriage of Desdemona and Othello in Venice, Italy. Here we see a black, middle aged man, marry a fair, young, Venetian woman in front of an upper class white society. (This was highly frowned upon at that point in history). As the play proceeds Iago suggests to Othello that Desdemona is sleeping with Cassio, and tries to corrupt their marriage. This behaviour seems somewhat childish coming from a grown man and shows us how Iago doesn’t use his superego to control his id, as well as displaying his immense jealousy of Othello. However Othello believes what Iago is saying, as he has a reputation of being an â€Å"honest man†. Iago continues to insinuate Desdemona’s dishonesty to Othello and provides fake evidence. Othello gets increasingly â€Å"green-eyed† by the â€Å"poison† that Iago is telling him and becomes so overwhelmed by this jealousy that he goes back to his natural instincts, resolving issues through murder. This is a result of him joining the army at 7 and since then all he has known is war. The play ends with Othello acting on impulse and under the influence of his violent superego, murdering Desdemona, and then Iago after he realises Desdemona was innocent. He then proceeds to commit suicide as he believed this act would be considered noble, restore his reputation, and relieve his conscious mind of his violent actions. Othello is a mentally and emotionally frail character in the play. He joined the army at a young age and gradually became recognised in society as something other than a then a â€Å"middle aged†, â€Å"black moor†, due to his high rank in the army and then marrying Desdemona. However  when a supposedly â€Å"honest Iago† starts suggesting Othello’s wife is unfaithful, he is easily able to mentally control Othello through him never having resolved his oedipal complex. Othello had never resolved his oedipal complex because we see him give his mother’s handkerchief to Desdemona. Freud describes this as a method of transference and Othello is transferring his repressed love for his mother on to Desdemona. Iago then acting as Othello’s id then reveals Othello’s murderous superego which was caused by decades of warfare. We visually see this in the play when he says â€Å"How shall I murder him Iago† when Iago implies Cassio is sleeping with Desdemona. Here, Othello is also showing that his oedipal complex is still not resolved by transferring his repressed emotions on to new objects through his desire to murder Cassio (being the father) in order to be closer to Desdemona (being the mother). Later in the play we see hi s superego again when Desdemona (the woman he loves) becomes his enemy and he kills her. This act of murder was purely out of jealousy and the fear of him losing his reputation he has worked so hard for. â€Å"Yet she must die, else shell betray more men,† Shows us how Othello is subconsciously protecting his soldiers. Though a Freudian perspective it appears that Shakespeare has used Othello as a character to show us that if you are brought up with murder or warfare when you are young, you might never be able to overcome your violent superego as you get older and the detrimental effects this has. Shakespeare has also shown us how sublimation is applied through Othello, as he is someone that has the urge to hurt and kill and thus joined the army, so that the act of killing is morally justified by protecting their country or soldiers. He may not kill the person he wants to kill necessarily, but they will release their feelings by killing the enemy, if unless these feelings are manipulated by an external factor (Iago). Although many years have passed since â€Å"Othello† was written, people can still relate to it because human nature does not change. We all question those who are close to us, and whether or not they are honest and loyal. Shakespeare is using Othello to warn us of disastrous co nsequences that may arise when you are manipulated by a person (Iago) that capitalises on the jealous nature of another human. Iago is an extremely jealous character in the play. He is envious of Othello’s reputation, higher rank in the army, wife, and that he is more respected in a white society than him; even though he is middle aged and  black. This shown through the quote; â€Å"But for my sport and profit. I hate the Moor†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"He has done my office†. Reputation means to a lot to Iago, and overall that’s all he cares about most, which shows narcissism and racism in his character. He believed that Othello robbed him of his reputation. We see this through the quote; â€Å"But he that filches from me my good name, Robs me of that which not enriches him, and makes me poor indeed†. Iago doesn’t use his superego to control his id so his urges and desires are unrestrained. This is shown throughout the play in his successful attempt to corrupt Othello’s marriage. Nearly one hundred per cent of the time when Iago is with Othello he is using reverse psychology to act as Othello’s superego and make him more jealous of Cassio; â€Å"O beware, my lord, of Jealousy! It is the green-eyed monster†. This is displaying two perspectives on Iago’s physiological state. Either Iago has zero control over his id, and just lets his jealous mind run wild. Or, he chooses not to control his psychopathic mind with his superego. This results in him tricking Othello into consciously thinking he’s jealous when he unconsciously isn’t. For example, when Othello asks for living reason (proof) that Desdemonas been disloyal, Iago tells him about an erotic dream that Cassio supposedly had one night while he was lying in bed next to Iago. In slee p I heard him say â€Å"Sweet Desdemona, let us be wary, let us hide our loves†. After Iago tells these rumours he then covers his tracks by deceiving Othello. An example of this is when he says; â€Å"Men should be what they seem† which is ironic coming from him, as he is not what he seems. He is deceptive and believable, and for Othello that is bad news for someone who is so easily jealous and mentally frail. â€Å"He hath a person and a smooth dispose, to be suspected, framed to make women false. The Moor is of a free and open nature, that thinks men honest but that seem to be so† This quote is reinforcing how Iago believes Othello will be easy to manipulate and deceive. Through this psychoanalysis we have a greater understanding of Iago’s motivations and unconscious desires. We see how he projected an overwhelming amount of jealousy he had for Othello on to him, and even though he thought he was in control of the situation and that he would come out on top, it led to both of their demise. For Iago jealousy played on the trust he developed in his relationship with Othello and whether Othello would believe him. However even though Othello did believe and trust Iago, Shakespeare still shows us  that jealousy destroys relationships and consumes the mind. My psychoanalysis of â€Å"Othello† has given me a new understanding of the play for a different perspective from what I would normally view it from. Iago and Othello both had major flaws in their characters which ultimately lead to their demise. Iago couldn’t control his id, which meant he was always acting on impulse without control of the superego and there was only a matter of time before he slipped up. Then Othello never resolving his oedipal complex meant someone like Iago could easily manipulate and mentally corrupt him. Both these characters have shown us as readers how we need to be well rounded people so we are not as easily susceptible to jealousy, and the effects this has if we are not.

absolutism in europe Essay -- essays research papers

Absolutism affected the power + status of the European nobility depending on the country in which they lived. In England the power of the nobility increases due to a victory in the English Civil War and the Glorious Revolution of 1658. However, in France, Louis XIV ¡Ã‚ ¯s absolutist regime decreased the powers of the noble but heightened their material status. In Russia and in Prussia, the absolutist leaders of those countries modernized their nations + the nobility underwent a change, but it retained prestige + power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Charles I considered himself to be an absolute monarch in England in the 1630 ¡Ã‚ ¯s. A large portion of the parliament dislikes him because they wanted more of a say on the government and because the Protestant of the group disagreed with his Catholicism and ruling of the Anglican Church. The English Civil War crushed, + the parliament won, however, through Cromwell ¡Ã‚ ¯s Protectorate and the return of the Stuarts, Charles II and James II, it was not until 1688 that the Glorious Revolution placed William + Mary of Orange on the throne. They signed a Bill of Rights, which gave Parliament more power, and this gave the nobles a greater influence + responsibility in the government. It also stated that new tax could not be passed w/o parliamentary consent, another example of their increased power.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  However in France, the absolutist regime of Louis XIV took power away from the nobles. Although the nobles were exempt ...

Advance Criminology

From the beginning of the world, there are two terms generated among the human beings i.e. Peace and Crime, not only in the Human being but also among the creatures of world. â€Å"Crime is an activity prohibited or not authorized by law that may be punishable by the governing authority†.Generally, the offence begins among the people for the following reasons i.e. money, property, and women. There are several types of offences committed in all the communities, when it became serious it got the face of Cognizable and if it is simple in nature  Ã‚   it is called Non cognizable.   The cognizable offices are usually serious in nature.Mostly the crimes committed by the youth are Theft, Robbery, Dacoit, Murders etc.   Because the youth are prone to do any illegal acts to achieve something or due to aberration by the Political leaders, adults as well as parents.Other than youth, the following crimes may occur like Assault, Cheating, Forgery, Nuisance etc. if the weapons are use d by the youth then it become very serious crime which is called Cognizable offence. But predominantly the sexual offences are occurred by youth only, like Adultery, Bigamy,   Rape Where the question of committing the offence of Rape a youth may do it to overcome his passion or to fulfill his sexual desire or any enmity with that particular female.   Where the question of sexual offence is concerned, It is not true to say that only Males commit crime, while females are with the par avian of males in the same manner. The punishment for any cognizable offence is Death sentence, life imprisonment, 10 years imprisonment fine or both respectively.In the present scenario of the world mostly sexual offences are in frequency among the youth, because new generation became independent. â€Å"Since the early 1990’s, youth violence has become a policy priority at entry level of American Government†[2].Every body yearn for freedom with all respect and more over there are lot of facilities to make contact with each other by means of communications like, through Cell, Internet etc and as well as there is no provision on International Level.Where as property matters are concerned crimes may occur in non cognizable comparison to other criminal offences. On the other hand crime is based on gender; race like Black, White, but this issue is mostly in U.S.A. As per  the History of USA  Blacks were not always been given an opportunities of juries, and they have been assassinated for the little violation of existing law and many of these killings occurred without any legal process.Though the Supreme court has done efficient control over this, yet the system could not eliminate racial bias.On the other hand the Carolyn Snurkowski of the Florida attorney generally office believes that the disproportionate number of blacks on death row   can explain the fact that, Many black murders result from barroom brawls that   wouldn’t call for the death penalty, but many white murders occur   on top of another offense, such as robbery† (as cited in Gest,1986.)This may be true but the Washington legal Foundation says that â€Å"blacks are arrested for murder at a higher rate than whites.†Violence has become a part of accepted backdrop in United States; there are also stringent laws to curtail them[3]. What we need now is social investment which will drive out the crimes most effectively. It is the time to act on that lines or else the next generations will feel the mistakes done by the present generation.Ultimately there is no end of crime and offences are being committed by youth It is true that we cannot find any country where there is no crime. It is also fact that there is no end of crime till the Doomsday.Bibliography:  1.Encyclopediaâ€Å" Crime† †, wikipedia, U.S,   04:12, 13 December 20072.BookFranklin E. Zimring, American youth violence, New York, 1998.  3. Newspaper Article on the InternetElliott C urrie â€Å"Crime and Punishment in America† New York Times, 1998. Metropolitan â€Å" Crime† †, wikipedia, U.S,   04:12, 13 December 2007   [2] Franklin E. Zimring, American youth violence, New York, 1998 [3] Elliott Currie â€Å"Crime and Punishment in America† New York Times, 1998. Metropolitan

Starbucks vs Tim Hortons

A Comparison of Starbucks and Tim Hortons Starbucks and Tim Horton’s are two companies that specialize in the food and coffee service industries. Information about each company, a comparison of how each markets their brand and their differing distribution methods will be provided. Starbucks is a â€Å"premier roaster, marketer and retailer of specialty coffee† (Marketline 2012). This company is globally recognized because of their vast amount of stores, consisting of more than 17,000 retail stores in over 55 countries.Most retail stores are in highly populated areas, like â€Å"downtown and suburban centers, office buildings, university campuses and in select rural and off-highway locations† (Marketline 2012). Starbucks sells other products in addition to coffee, like teas and fresh food items. It also â€Å"licenses its trademarks through †¦ grocery stores and national food service accounts† (Marketline 2012). Some of the brands, besides Starbucks, a re Tazo Tea, Seattle’s Best Coffee and Starbucks VIA Ready Brew.Products for sale in Starbucks stores include Italian-style espresso beverages, cold and iced shaken drinks, and both breakfast and lunch items such as pastries, salads and sandwiches. Starbucks also sells warm food items, coffee equipment provides free wireless internet within its stores. Tim Hortons is like Starbucks in the sense that they provide similar products like â€Å"premium coffee, flavored cappuccinos, specialty teas, home-style soups, fresh sandwiches, wraps, hot breakfast sandwiches and fresh baked goods† (Marketline 2012). Tim Hortons has 3,750 restaurants in Canada and the United States.Most of these (3,148) are in Canada. â€Å"It also offers home-brew coffee through various lines of distribution in Canada and the US, including certain grocery stores† (Marketline 2012). The way in which both Starbucks and Tim Hortons distributes their products is through the various licensing channe ls. For example, Starbucks directly advertises and sells its products in grocery and warehouse club stores in Canada, the U. K. and countries in Europe. This channel is also known as the CPG Channel, which represents the four business segments: the U. S. , international, global consumer products group and other (Marketline 2012).Many licensees also have license agreements with Starbucks where Starbucks sells its ingredients to make these products that are sold in retail stores. Regarding Starbucks, some of these licensing agreements are with North American Coffee Partnership (joint venture with Pepsi-Cola Company), Arla, Suntory, and Dong Suh Foods. With these license agreements, Starbucks is able to have these other companies â€Å"manufacture and market ready-to-drink beverages† like the Frappuccino and Doubleshot espresso drinks as well as manufacture, market and distribute Starbucks chilled cup coffee beverages in Europe, Japan and South Korea.Super-premium Tazo Tea and i ce cream products in the U. S. with Unilever is another example of how the manufacturing and distribution works with Starbucks. Most of these products discussed are sold to foodservice companies that serve the following industries: businesses, education, healthcare, office coffee distributors, hotels, restaurants, and airlines, among many more. National accounts also receive Starbucks (Seattle’s Best Coffee brand), such as SYSCO Corporation, US Foodservice and others (Marketline 2012).Like Starbucks, Tim Hortons uses warehouses for distribution efforts as well. They also market their goods in restaurants and also have self-serve kiosks that consist of pastries and both hot and cold beverages. What differs from Starbucks is the distribution of paper and dry goods in the â€Å"Canada-based restaurants† as well as the frozen baked goods that are delivered to Ontario-based restaurants. Coffee-roasting plants in areas like Rochester, New York and Hamilton, Ontario are also used as third party distributors, which differs from Starbucks’ methods (Marketline 2012).Tim Hortons doesn’t have as many joint ventures as Starbucks, but still also shares that distribution method, as Tim Hortons operates the Maidstone Bakeries facilitiy, which is a 50-50 joint venture with a subsidiary of IAWS and a subsidiary of Starbucks (Marketline 2012). In comparing both Starbucks and Tim Hortons regarding distribution, Starbucks definitely has more of a wide range of distributors and concentrates mainly on coffee and fresh food distribution. Tim Hortons concentrates on their beverages as well as bread, dry foods and pastries distribution as well.So in this sense, they differ a bit in what they distribute and how, as Starbucks uses a lot of licenses and partnerships while Tim Hortons relies on third party distributors and warehouses. Marketing is another key aspect that both Starbucks and Tim Hortons do differently for their company. Starbucks has intensely use d technology applications such as for the iphone, in which a customer can use their mobile phone to make their purchases and it is also connected to the Loyalty Card that Starbucks has (Baker 2012). Starbucks also uses Facebook and online shopping to market their products.For example, in regards to social media, that area is part of the Marketing team in the UK and Ireland. They include customer care and public relations people, as well. Ian Cranna, Vice President for Marketing, stated that Starbucks believes â€Å"that customers want genuine and authentic interaction with the brands they choose to engage in online† (Lifting the lid on social†¦ 2012). Starbucks hosted a â€Å"Frappuccino Happy Hour† and Cranna also admitted â€Å"most of the best ideas come from their customers† and Facebook is a great way to stay connected. Lifting the lid on social†¦ 2012). Also, regarding the online shopping aspects, the Verismo, recently released in September, is S tarbucks’ first home coffee machine and can be bought on Starbucksstore. co. uk. This is â€Å"the first time the chain has ventured into e-commerce† (Baker 2012). According to Androich and Laird, a managing director, Kris Engskov, stated, â€Å"†Up until today making a Starbucks Latte at home was just not possible. Now customers who have been asking for more convenient ways to enjoy Starbucks need look no further† (2012).Starbucks is aiming to also provide self-serve â€Å"Go machines. † Its aim is to provide â€Å"the quality of Starbucks† anywhere (Baker 2012). Tim Horton also uses technology like social media to attract customers and advertise, just as Starbucks does. Tim Hortons did a Facebook campaign with the â€Å"Rolling up the Rim† promotion, which also included television, radio and both outdoor and in-store promotions. Those who liked the Facebook page could download a free ringtone of the â€Å"Roll Up† ringtone as well as create profile pictures with the theme.Free coffee for a year and gift cards were available to win. This attracted thousands of â€Å"likes† on Facebook and really promoted the Tim Hortons name (Androich and Laird 2012). However, what differs from Starbucks is that Tiim Hortons is especially associated with Canada life, and the few regions it inhabits in the northern United States area, while Starbucks is more of an internationally recognized brand because of its wide spread stores. According to Chris Koentges, a writer in Vancouver, Tim Hortons attracts Canadians.In his article, â€Å"Why we are Tim Hortons and Tim Hortons is us! † was a headline on Canada. com (Koentges 2012). Overall, Tim Hortons and Starbucks differ in their marketing by who they market to – as Tim Hortons is mainly in Canada and Starbucks, although predominantly in the United States, is also all over the world. However, they do market their brands in similar fashions on Facebook or other social media channels and providing chances to â€Å"win† certain prized items. References Androich, A. & Laird, K. (2012).Facebook done right. Marketing Magazine, 117(3), 44-47. Retrieved from EBSO Host on November 11, 2012. Baker, R. (2012). Starbucks launches new caffeine fruit drink. Marketing week (Online Edition), 11. Retrieved from American Psychological Association on November 11, 2012. Koentges, C. (2011). The Pandora’s Box of the new Tim Hortons’. Marketing Magazine, 116 (18), 21. Retrieved from the American Psychological Association on November 11, 2012. Lifting the lid on the social brands. (cover story). (2012).Marketing(00253650), 3-5. Retrieved from the American Psychological Association on November 11, 2012. Starbucks Corporation. (n. d). Retrieved from: on November 11, 2012. Tim Hortons Inc. (n. d). Retrieved from on November 11, 2012.

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